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21.
Katsuyuki Abe 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1985,39(3):157-166
The large deep earthquake of January 21, 1906 is re-evaluated using old seismogram data and updated analysis techniques. From the P and pP-P time data the hypocentre parameters are determined as follows: origin time, 13h 49min 35s; latitude, 33.8°N; longitude, 137.5°E; depth, 340 km. The body-wave magnitude mB is re-evaluated from the amplitude and periods of P, PP and S waves. The average value of 7.4 is obtained. This value is the smallest among any values assigned previously to this shock, and it is denied that the earthquake is the world's largest deep shock in this century. The focal mechanism is estimated from the P-wave first motions and amplitude distribution of P and S waves. Synthetic body waves are used to constrain the mechanism and to determine the seismic moment. The mechanism solution suggests the down-dip compression typical of this region. A seismic moment of 1.5 × 1027 dyn · cm is obtained. This value and the re-evaluated value of mB are consistent with the moment-B relation obtained for other deep earthquakes. 相似文献
22.
Katsuyuki Abe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(3-4):735-745
The Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake (M
w
7.7) of July 12, 1993, is one of the largest tsunamigenic events in the Sea of Japan. The tsunami magnitudeM
t
is determined to be 8.1 from the maximum amplitudes of the tsunami recorded on tide gauges. This value is larger thanM
w
by 0.4 units. It is suggested that the tsunami potential of the Nansei-Oki earthquake is large forM
w
. A number of tsunami runup data are accumulated for a total range of about 1000 km along the coast, and the data are averaged to obtain the local mean heightsH
n
for 23 segments in intervals of about 40 km each. The geographic variation ofH
n
is approximately explained in terms of the empirical relationship proposed byAbe (1989, 1993). The height prediction from the available earthquake magnitudes ranges from 5.0–8.4 m, which brackets the observed maximum ofH
n
, 7.7 m, at Okushiri Island. 相似文献
23.
In previous research, trace amplitudes of surface wave maxima recorded by undamped Milne seismographs were used to determine the surface-wave magnitudes Ms of large shallow earthquakes which occurred prior to 1912. For this purpose, the effective gain of these instruments was calibrated by using the surface-wave magnitudes Ms(GR) which were calculated from the unpublished worksheets for Seismicity of the Earth of Gutenberg and Richter. In this paper, the real quality of Ms(GR) is critically re-evaluated by using independent sets of data. It is found that Ms(GR) for the period 1904–1909 is considerably overestimated. The average excess from the real Ms is 0.5 units for 1904–1906, 0.4 for 1907, 0.3 for 1908–1909 and 0.0 for 1910–1912. This overestimation is so systematic and large that the previous results are all redetermined. The average effective gain of Milne instruments is revised to be 21.9; previously, the gain depended on Ms. This revision results in systematic reduction in the previously assigned magnitudes. The revised values of Ms for 264 shallow earthquakes, with Ms=6.8 and over in the period 1897–1912 inclusive, are listed. The present revision is large enough to preclude the possibility of the high activity of large shallow earthquakes around the turn of the century. The present results have a direct effect on all the magnitude catalogues of shallow earthquakes which occurred prior to 1909. 相似文献
24.
Kuniaki Abe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(2-3):453-463
We identified a phase representing the source length of tsunami's in the tide gauge records around Japan. This phase was observed
at tide stations, located in the direction of the long axis of the sources, for four large tsunamis: 1964 Niigata, 1968 Tokachi-oki,
1983 Nihonkaichubu, and 1993 Hokkaido-nanseioki. The phase consists of two continuous crests starting as the initial arrival
and has a time length of 15–47 minutes. This is the time required to propagate across the source area along the long axis.
Strong evidence that the phase is generated at the source is the good correlation between waveform observed at one side and
time-inversed waveform at another side. The correlation results from the instantaneous generation of the source. The source
lengths of 74–254 km were obtained under an assumption of sea depths at the sources and verified to coincide with ones within
a relative error of 15% that were previously obtained by other methods. 相似文献
25.
Toshifumi Yanagisawa Yasushi Muraki Yutaka Matsubara Fumio Abe Kimiaki Masuda Sachiyo Noda Takahiro Sumi Yuji Kato Mitsuaki Fujimoto Shuji Sato Ian Bond Nicholas Rattenbury Philip Yock Pam Kilmartin John Hearnshaw Micheal Reid Denis Sullivan Brian Carter Richard Dodd Garry Nankivell Noiman Rumsey Morihiro Honda Maki Sekiguchi Masanori Yoshizawa Takashi Nakamura Humitaka Sato Seiji Kabe Makoto Kobayashi Yoshiyuki Watase Jun Jugaku Toshiharu Saito Barbel Koribalsky 《Experimental Astronomy》2000,10(4):519-535
We have constructed a large, mosaic CCD camera called MOA-cam2 which has 4096 × 6144-pixelsto search for gravitational microlensing events. MOA-cam2 has three4096 × 2048-pixel SITe CCD chips, which have a very high quantum efficiency (nearly 80% in the wave region 500 to 800 nm),and three buttable sides. We have placed the threechips side by side with 100 m dead space. MOA-cam2 has been installed on the 61 cm Boller and Chivens telescope of the MOA collaboration at the Mt. John University Observatory (MJUO) in NewZealand since July 1998. The field coverage is 0.92° × 1.38° per exposure. The technical details of MOA-cam2 and the first images obtained with the Boller and Chivens telescope are presented. MOA-cam2 introduces a second phase of research on gravitational microlensing by the MOA collaboration. 相似文献
26.
The Banda Sea earthquake of November 4, 1963 (h = 100 km, mB = 7.8) is probably one of the largest intermediate-depth shocks to have occurred worldwide this century. The mechanism of this earthquake is studied in detail on the basis of P-wave first motion, surface wave and aftershock data. From the analysis of long-period multiple surface waves, a seismic moment of 3.1 × 1028 dyn-cm is obtained, which is the largest reported so far for any intermediate or deep focus shock. This value, together with the estimated fault area of 90 × 70 km2, gives an average dislocation of 7.0 m and a stress drop of 120 bar. This event represents an oblique thrust movement on a plane with dip direction N170°E, dip 48° and rake 52°. A geometrical consideration for the fault plane and the configuration of the inclined seismic zone beneath the Banda arc suggests, almost definitely, that the large-scale faulting took place within the subducted plate and offset it. Further repetition of such large-scale faulting might eventually break the subducted plate. The 1963 Banda Sea earthquake thus represents a seismological manifestation of the large-scale deformation of the subducted plate in the mantle. 相似文献
27.
Seasonal variability regarding the nature of precipitation and the activity of cumulus convection during the 1991 Meiyu season of Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin(Jianghuai)has been investigated by calculating apparent heat source/apparent moisture sink and analyzing TBB(cloud-top blackody radiation temperature)data.It is found that three periods of strong ascending motion during the Meiyu season lead to three episodes of heavy rain,and the latent heat due to the precipitation is of the sole heat source of the atmosphere.The nature of precipitation shows distinct seasonal variability,from frontal precipitation of the first episode to the extremely strong convective precipitation of the third episode.TBB field of East Asia may well reflect not only the intensity of convection and rainfall,but also the movement of rain belt and convection belt.In the whole Meiyu season.convection belt mainly stays in Jianghuai.but may shift within the domain of East Asia.Its locating in Jianghuai or not determines the maintenance or break of Meiyu.In the third episode,the narrow convection belt over Jianghuai is mainly caused by southwest monsoon which takes moist and convective atmosphere from tropical ocean. 相似文献
28.
Molecular and isotopic characteristics of gas hydrate-bound hydrocarbons in southern and central Lake Baikal 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Akihiro Hachikubo Oleg Khlystov Alexey Krylov Hirotoshi Sakagami Hirotsugu Minami Yutaka Nunokawa Satoshi Yamashita Nobuo Takahashi Hitoshi Shoji Shin’ya Nishio Masato Kida Takao Ebinuma Gennadiy Kalmychkov Jeffrey Poort 《Geo-Marine Letters》2010,30(3-4):321-329
We investigated the molecular composition (methane, ethane, and propane) and stable isotope composition (methane and ethane) of hydrate-bound gas in sediments of Lake Baikal. Hydrate-bearing sediment cores were retrieved from eight gas seep sites, located in the southern and central Baikal basins. Empirical classification of the methane stable isotopes (δ13C and δD) for all the seep sites indicated the dominant microbial origin of methane via methyl-type fermentation; however, a mixture of thermogenic and microbial gases resulted in relatively high methane δ13C signatures at two sites where ethane δ13C indicated a typical thermogenic origin. At one of the sites in the southern Baikal basin, we found gas hydrates of enclathrated microbial ethane in which 13C and deuterium were both highly depleted (mean δ13C and δD of –61.6‰ V-PDB and –285.4‰ V-SMOW, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C2 δ13C–δD classification for hydrate-bound gas in either freshwater or marine environments. 相似文献
29.
Maki Morimoto Kyoko Kawanobe Osamu Abe Takayoshi Kawai Toshiyuki Kawamura Kunio Shirasawa 《水文研究》2010,24(7):904-916
In winter, lakes and lagoons at high altitudes or high latitudes have interesting hydrological cycles that differ from those in other seasons or in other regions, because water surfaces are covered with ice. Hydrological balances of lakes and lagoons are complex dynamic systems, and to elucidate them, isotopic tracers of water have been used as effective tools along with observations of precipitation, evaporation, inflows, and outflows. Here, to understand hydrological processes during freezing periods in the brackish Saroma‐ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, northern Japan, we examined horizontal and vertical distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of lagoon water and ice in 2005 and 2006. Horizontal and vertical gradients of salinity and isotope compositions were observed from the river mouth to the sea channel, and factors determining these distributions were considered. The mixing of freshwater and seawater and a freezing effect were presumed to be factors in relationships between salinity and isotopes and in relationships between surface waters and ice just above the water. A simple box model for water balance was constructed based on these putative factors to reproduce the distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of surface waters and ice. An evaluation of the model revealed that this hydrological system is controlled primarily by horizontal advection of the epilimnion, freshwater influx, and the ice growth rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
Recent studies show that oxygen three isotope measurement (16O, 17O, and 18O) of water provides additional information for investigating the hydrological cycle and paleoclimate. For determining the 18O/16O value of water, a conventional CO2-water equilibration method involves measurement of the ratios of CO2 isotopologues which were equilibrated with water. However, this long-established technique was not intended to measure the 17O/16O ratio, primarily because the historic ion correction scheme does not allow for possible deviations from a fixed (and mass-dependent) relationship between 17O/16O and 18O/16O isotope ratios. Here, we propose an improved method for obtaining the 17O/16O isotope ratio of fresh water by the equilibration method and measurement of the 45/44 CO2 ion abundance ratio. Equations which we formulated for 17O/16O measurement have two features: first, instead of absolute isotope ratio (R), all equations are formulated in δ values, measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Second, we include two “assigned” δ values of water standards in the equations, because the δ18O are commonly measured against two working standards to normalize the span of the δ scale. This approach clarifies that the contribution from 17O (12C16O17O+) to the molecular ion current at mass-to-charge ratio m/z 45 signal depends not on the absolute 13C/12C ratio, but on the relative δ13C differences between the working standards and the sample. The pH value of water affects δ17O estimation because δ13C of CO2 was changed in the water-CO2 system. We reevaluated this effect using a set of equations, which explicitly includes CO2 partial pressure effect on pH value. Our new estimation of pH effect is significantly smaller than previously reported value, but it does not alter the main conclusions in the previous study. The method was verified by δ17O measurements of an international standard reference water (GISP) provided by the IAEA. We applied the method to investigate 17O-excess of the ice core drilled at the Dome Fuji station, Antarctica. A total of 1320 samples from a 130 m section around Marine Isotope Stage 9.3 (∼330,000 years before present) were measured. The error of a measurement for δ17O is 0.175‰ and that of 17O-excess is 184 per meg. Although these analytical uncertainties hampered accurate estimation of the changes in 17O-excess, the averaged data indicate that 17O-excess around MIS 9.3 was higher than during the subsequent glacial period. This approach can be applied only to fresh water samples, and additional improvements will be needed to measure samples which contains significant amount of carbonate minerals. 相似文献